Why are pregnant women physically inactive? A qualitative study on the beliefs and perceptions about physical activity during pregnancy.

This study aimed to describe the beliefs and perceptions of pregnant women and healthcare providers about physical activity during pregnancy. Using a qualitative approach, 30 pregnant women and the 14 healthcare providers caring for them were interviewed in the second trimester of pregnancy. We included women who maintained, decreased, or stopped physical activity since becoming pregnant. They were divided into low (≤ 8 years) and high schooling (> 8 years). Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted and guided by three key questions: (1) When does physical activity during pregnancy start to be considered a wrong behavior?; (2) What are the main barriers (biological or others) to physical activity?; and (3) Do the actions of healthcare providers and people close to pregnant women reinforce barriers? Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed based on recurring themes. All women changed their physical activity behavior (decreased or stopped) when they discovered their pregnancy. Fear of miscarriage, contractions, bleeding, and of causing malformations in the baby were the most reported reasons for decreasing or stopping physical activity. Participants also lacked access to consistent information and healthcare providers' support on the benefits of physical activity. Despite the current international recommendations to regular physical activity during pregnancy, uncertainty regarding its benefits remains. Interventions to promote physical activity during this period should include the training of healthcare providers so they can advise and discard ideas contrary to mother-child health benefits.

Why are pregnant women physically inactive? A qualitative study on the beliefs and perceptions about physical activity during pregnancy / Por que as gestantes não são fisicamente ativas? Um estudo qualitativo sobre as crenças e percepções em relação à atividade física durante a gestação / ¿Por qué las mujeres embarazadas no hacen actividad física? Un estudio cualitativo sobre las creencias y percepciones relacionadas con la actividad física durante el embarazo

This study aimed to describe the beliefs and perceptions of pregnant women and healthcare providers about physical activity during pregnancy. Using a qualitative approach, 30 pregnant women and the 14 healthcare providers caring for them were interviewed in the second trimester of pregnancy. We included women who maintained, decreased, or stopped physical activity since becoming pregnant. They were divided into low (≤ 8 years) and high schooling (> 8 years). Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted and guided by three key questions: (1) When does physical activity during pregnancy start to be considered a wrong behavior?; (2) What are the main barriers (biological or others) to physical activity?; and (3) Do the actions of healthcare providers and people close to pregnant women reinforce barriers? Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed based on recurring themes. All women changed their physical activity behavior (decreased or stopped) when they discovered their pregnancy. Fear of miscarriage, contractions, bleeding, and of causing malformations in the baby were the most reported reasons for decreasing or stopping physical activity. Participants also lacked access to consistent information and healthcare providers' support on the benefits of physical activity. Despite the current international recommendations to regular physical activity during pregnancy, uncertainty regarding its benefits remains. Interventions to promote physical activity during this period should include the training of healthcare providers so they can advise and discard ideas contrary to mother-child health benefits.

Este estudo objetivou descrever as crenças e percepções de gestantes e profissionais de saúde em relação a prática de atividade física durante a gestação. Usando uma abordagem qualitativa, 30 gestantes e 14 profissionais de saúde que atendiam essas mulheres foram entrevistados durante o segundo trimestre de gravidez. Foram incluídas mulheres que mantiveram, diminuíram ou pararam de praticar atividade física desde o início gravidez. Elas foram divididas em baixa (≤ 8 anos) e alta escolaridade (> 8 anos). Foram conduzidas entrevistas semiestruturadas e aprofundadas, orientadas por três perguntas-chave: (1) Quando a atividade física durante a gestação passa a ser considerada um comportamento errado? (2) Quais as principais barreiras (biológicas ou outras) para a prática de atividade física? (3) Estas barreiras são reforçadas pelas ações dos profissionais de saúde e das pessoas próximas à gestante? As entrevistas foram gravadas em áudio, transcritas e analisadas a partir de temas recorrentes. Todas as mulheres mudaram a prática de atividade física (diminuíram ou pararam) quando souberam da gravidez. O medo de aborto espontâneo, contrações e/ou sangramento e o medo de causar malformações no bebê foram os motivos mais relatados para diminuir ou parar a atividade física. Os participantes também não tiveram acesso a informações confiáveis e apoio dos profissionais de saúde sobre os benefícios da atividade física. Apesar das recomendações internacionais atuais para a prática regular de atividade física durante a gestação, a incerteza quanto aos seus benefícios continua sendo comum. As intervenções para promover a atividade física durante esse período devem incluir o treinamento de profissionais de saúde para que eles possam aconselhar e descartar ideias contrárias aos benefícios para a saúde materna e infantil.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las creencias y percepciones de mujeres embarazadas y profesionales de la salud con respecto a la práctica de actividad física durante el embarazo. Utilizando un enfoque cualitativo, se entrevistaron 30 mujeres embarazadas y 14 profesionales de salud que cuidaban a estas mujeres durante el segundo trimestre del embarazo. Se incluyeron mujeres que mantuvieron, redujeron o dejaron de practicar actividad física desde el inicio del embarazo. Ellas se dividieron en baja (≤ 8 años) y alta escolaridad (> 8 años). Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y en profundidad, guiadas por tres preguntas clave: (1) ¿Cuándo se considera que la actividad física durante el embarazo es un comportamiento incorrecto? (2) ¿Cuáles son las barreras (biológicas u otras) principales para la práctica de actividad física? (3) ¿Estas barreras se refuerzan por las acciones de los profesionales de salud y de las personas cercanas a la mujer embarazada? Las entrevistas fueron grabadas en audio, transcritas y analizadas a partir de temas recurrentes. Todas las mujeres cambiaron la práctica de actividad física (redujeron o dejaron de practicarla) cuando descubrieron el embarazo. El miedo a sufrir un aborto espontáneo, contracciones y/o sangrado y el miedo a provocar malformaciones en el bebé fueron los motivos más relatados para reducir o dejar de practicar la actividad física. Los participantes también no han tenido acceso a informaciones confiables ni apoyo de los profesionales de salud sobre los beneficios de la actividad física. A pesar de las recomendaciones internacionales actuales para la práctica regular de actividad física durante el embarazo, la incertidumbre cuanto a sus beneficios sigue siendo común. Las intervenciones para promover la actividad física durante este periodo deben incluir la capacitación de profesionales de salud para que puedan aconsejar y descartar ideas contrarias a los beneficios para la salud materna e infantil.

Sex differences in the association between childhood maltreatment and cardiovascular disease in the UK Biobank.

OBJECTIVES: To assess and compare associations between childhood maltreatment and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in men and women in the UK. In secondary analyses, we also explored possible age differences and associations with early onset CVD (<50 years). METHODS: We included 157 311 participants from the UK Biobank who had information on physical, sexual or emotional abuse, emotional or physical neglect. CVD outcomes were defined as any CVD, hypertensive disease, ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and cerebrovascular disease. These were extracted from self-report, blood pressure measurements, hospital register and death register. The associations between maltreatment and CVD were assessed using Poisson regression with robust variance to estimate risk ratios, stratified by sex and adjusted for socioeconomic and demographic factors. RESULTS: All types of maltreatment were associated with increased risk of CVD and IHD in both sexes. Additionally, in women all types of maltreatment were associated with higher risk of hypertensive disease, and all, except emotional neglect, were associated with cerebrovascular disease. In men, all but sexual abuse, were associated with higher risk of hypertensive disease, and all, except physical and sexual abuse, were associated with cerebrovascular disease. Associations were generally stronger in women, and individuals who were younger at baseline had stronger associations of childhood maltreatment with any CVD and IHD, but age differences were less evident when only early onset CVD was considered. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood maltreatment was consistently associated with CVD and stronger associations were generally observed in women and seemed to be stronger for early onset CVD.

[Dietary patterns of elderly Brazilians and associated determinants: a population-based study in the south of Brazil]. / Padrões alimentares de idosos e seus determinantes: estudo de base populacional no sul do Brasil.

This cross-sectional study sought to assess the effect of demographic and socioeconomic factors, chronic diseases, and health counseling on dietary patterns of the elderly. Food consumption was assessed by means of a reduced eating frequency questionnaire distributed to 1,426 elderly residents in Pelotas, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and dietary patterns were obtained using main component analysis. Two dietary patterns were identified: healthy diet (wholegrain food, fruits, vegetables, and milk) and Western diet (sweet snacks, fried foods, frozen foods, processed meats, and fast food). Females, non-smokers, and alcohol-free individuals tended more toward the healthy diet, whereas males, smokers, alcohol-dependent, and overweight individuals tended more toward the Western diet. Higher income and schooling were associated with a higher tendency toward both diets, and chronic diseases were not associated with either diet. Receiving counseling for adopting healthy habits was associated with a higher tendency toward a healthy diet and a lower tendency toward the Western diet. There is a need to increase effective guidance on healthy habits by health services to promote healthier eating practices, with special attention to elderly males, smokers, alcohol-dependent and overweight individuals.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de fatores demográficos e socioeconômicos, de doenças crônicas e do recebimento de orientações em saúde no padrão alimentar de idosos. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por meio de questionário de frequência alimentar reduzido aplicado a 1.426 idosos residentes em Pelotas, RS, Brasil e os padrões alimentares foram obtidos por análise de componentes principais. Dois padrões foram identificados: saudável (alimentos integrais, frutas, legumes/verduras e leite) e ocidental (doces, frituras, alimentos congelados, embutidos e "fast food"). Mulheres, não fumantes e não dependentes alcoólicos aderiam mais ao padrão saudável, enquanto que homens, fumantes, dependentes alcóolicos e indivíduos com sobrepeso aderiam mais ao padrão ocidental. Maior renda e escolaridade estiveram associadas à maior adesão de ambos os padrões e a presença de doenças crônicas não esteve associada a nenhum padrão. O recebimento de orientações para hábitos saudáveis esteve associado à maior adesão ao padrão saudável e menor ao padrão ocidental. Há necessidade do fortalecimento de orientações eficazes sobre hábitos saudáveis nos serviços de saúde, com especial atenção para idosos do sexo masculino, tabagistas, dependentes alcoólicos e indivíduos com sobrepeso.

Padrões alimentares de idosos e seus determinantes: estudo de base populacional no sul do Brasil / Dietary patterns of elderly Brazilians and associated determinants: a population-based study in the south of Brazil

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de fatores demográficos e socioeconômicos, de doenças crônicas e do recebimento de orientações em saúde no padrão alimentar de idosos. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por meio de questionário de frequência alimentar reduzido aplicado a 1.426 idosos residentes em Pelotas, RS, Brasil e os padrões alimentares foram obtidos por análise de componentes principais. Dois padrões foram identificados: saudável (alimentos integrais, frutas, legumes/verduras e leite) e ocidental (doces, frituras, alimentos congelados, embutidos e "fast food"). Mulheres, não fumantes e não dependentes alcoólicos aderiam mais ao padrão saudável, enquanto que homens, fumantes, dependentes alcóolicos e indivíduos com sobrepeso aderiam mais ao padrão ocidental. Maior renda e escolaridade estiveram associadas à maior adesão de ambos os padrões e a presença de doenças crônicas não esteve associada a nenhum padrão. O recebimento de orientações para hábitos saudáveis esteve associado à maior adesão ao padrão saudável e menor ao padrão ocidental. Há necessidade do fortalecimento de orientações eficazes sobre hábitos saudáveis nos serviços de saúde, com especial atenção para idosos do sexo masculino, tabagistas, dependentes alcoólicos e indivíduos com sobrepeso.

Abstract This cross-sectional study sought to assess the effect of demographic and socioeconomic factors, chronic diseases, and health counseling on dietary patterns of the elderly. Food consumption was assessed by means of a reduced eating frequency questionnaire distributed to 1,426 elderly residents in Pelotas, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and dietary patterns were obtained using main component analysis. Two dietary patterns were identified: healthy diet (wholegrain food, fruits, vegetables, and milk) and Western diet (sweet snacks, fried foods, frozen foods, processed meats, and fast food). Females, non-smokers, and alcohol-free individuals tended more toward the healthy diet, whereas males, smokers, alcohol-dependent, and overweight individuals tended more toward the Western diet. Higher income and schooling were associated with a higher tendency toward both diets, and chronic diseases were not associated with either diet. Receiving counseling for adopting healthy habits was associated with a higher tendency toward a healthy diet and a lower tendency toward the Western diet. There is a need to increase effective guidance on healthy habits by health services to promote healthier eating practices, with special attention to elderly males, smokers, alcohol-dependent and overweight individuals.

[Internalizing and externalizing behavior problems and substance use in adolescence]. / Problemas de comportamento internalizantes e externalizantes e uso de substâncias na adolescência.

This study investigated the relationship between externalizing behavior problems (EBP), internalizing behavior problems (IBP), and combined externalizing/internalizing behavior problems (EIBP) in early adolescence (11 years) and substance use (alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs) at 15 years, using data from the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort. Behavior problems were assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), applied to mothers when their children were 15 years old. Substance use was assessed with a self-applied confidential questionnaire for the adolescent. The association between behavior problems and substance use was analyzed with Poisson regression with robust adjustment of variance. After adjusting for confounding, adolescents with EBP showed higher risk of alcohol abuse (RR = 1.74, 95%CI: 1.21; 2.50) and experimentation (RR = 1.78, 95%CI: 1.42; 2,23) and tobacco use in the previous 30 days (RR = 2.38, 95%CI: 1.64; 3.45). Adolescents with IBP showed greater risk of having tried tobacco (RR = 1.54, 95%CI: 1.22; 1.93) and of having used tobacco products in the previous 30 days (RR = 1.92, 95%CI: 1.31; 2.83). Adolescents with EIBP showed greater risk of trying (RR = 2.24, 95%CI: 1.57; 3.21) and consuming tobacco products in the previous days (RR = 3.01, 95%CI: 1.63; 5.56), and lower risk of having tried alcohol at 15 years of age (RR = 0.72, 95%CI: 0.55; 0.94). Public health measures aimed at reducing behavior problems in early adolescence can help reduce tobacco and alcohol consumption at 15 years.

Este estudo investigou a relação entre problemas de comportamento externalizantes (PCE), internalizantes (PCI) e desses concomitantemente (PCEI) no início da adolescência (11 anos) e o consumo de substâncias (bebidas alcoólicas, tabaco e drogas ilícitas) aos 15 anos, utilizando dados da coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de 1993. Os problemas de comportamento foram avaliados pelo Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) aplicado às mães quando os filhos tinham 15 anos. O consumo de substâncias foi avaliado por meio de questionário sigiloso autoaplicado ao adolescente. A associação entre problemas de comportamento e uso de substâncias foi analisada por meio de regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto da variância. Após ajuste para fatores de confusão, os adolescentes com PCE tiveram maior risco para consumo abusivo de álcool (RR = 1,74; IC95%: 1,21; 2,50) e para experimentação (RR = 1,78; IC95%: 1,42; 2,23) e uso de tabaco nos últimos 30 dias (RR = 2,38; IC95%: 1,64; 3,45). Os adolescentes com PCI tiveram maior risco de experimentar tabaco (RR = 1,54; IC95%: 1,22; 1,93) e de utilizá-lo nos últimos 30 dias (RR = 1,92; IC95%: 1,31; 2,83). Os adolescentes com PCEI apresentaram maior risco para experimentação (RR = 2,24; IC95%: 1,57; 3,21) e consumo de tabaco nos últimos 30 dias (RR = 3,01; IC95%: 1,63; 5,56), e menor risco de experimentação de álcool aos 15 anos (RR = 0,72; IC95%: 0,55; 0,94). Ações de saúde pública que atuem na redução dos problemas de comportamento no início da adolescência poderão diminuir o consumo de tabaco e de bebidas alcoólicas aos 15 anos.

Este estudio investigó la relación entre los problemas de comportamiento externalizantes (PCE), internalizantes (PCI), y los que se producían concomitantemente (PCEI), al comienzo de la adolescencia (11 años) y el consumo de sustancias como: bebidas alcohólicas, tabaco y drogas ilícitas a los 15 años, utilizando datos de la cohorte de nacimientos de Pelotas, Brasil, de 1993. Los problemas de comportamiento fueron evaluados por el Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), aplicado a las madres cuando los hijos tenían 15 años. El consumo de sustancias se evaluó mediante un cuestionario anónimo, realizado por el propio adolescente. La asociación entre problemas de comportamiento y el uso de sustancias se analizó mediante la regresión de Poisson, con un ajuste robusto de variancia. Tras el ajuste para los factores de confusión, los adolescentes con PCE tuvieron un riesgo mayor de consumo abusivo de alcohol (RR = 1,74; IC95%: 1,21; 2,50) y de probar estas sustancias (RR = 1,78; IC95%: 1,42; 2,23), además del consumo de tabaco en los últimos 30 días (RR = 2,38; IC95%: 1,64; 3,45). Los adolescentes con PCI tuvieron un mayor riesgo de probar el tabaco (RR = 1,54; IC95%: 1,22; 1,93) y de consumirlo durante los últimos 30 días (RR = 1,92; IC95%: 1,31; 2,83). Los adolescentes con PCEI presentaron un mayor riesgo de probar estas sustancias (RR = 2,24; IC95%: 1,57; 3,21) y consumir tabaco durante los últimos 30 días (RR = 3,01; IC95%: 1,63; 5,56), y menor riesgo de probar el alcohol a los 15 años (RR = 0,72; IC95%: 0,55; 0,94). Se requieren acciones de salud pública que actúen en la reducción de los problemas de comportamiento al principio de la adolescencia, puesto que podrían disminuir el consumo de tabaco y bebidas alcohólicas a los 15 años.

[Breastfeeding and externalizing behaviors in childhood and adolescence in a birth cohort]. / Amamentação e comportamentos externalizantes na infância e adolescência em uma coorte de nascimentos.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between breastfeeding duration and externalizing behaviors in childhood and adolescence. METHODS: Data from the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort was used. Information on breastfeeding was assessed at 12 months of age. Behavior was assessed at 4 years of age using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and at ages 11 and 15 years using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), both administered to the mother or caretaker. Of 5 249 cohort participants, those with complete data on breastfeeding and externalizing behaviors were included: 630 children at 4 years of age, 1 277 adolescents at 11 years, and 1 199 at 15 years. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to assess the association between breastfeeding duration and externalizing behaviors. RESULTS: After adjustment for confounders, children who were breastfed for least 6 months had lower risk of hyperactivity (RR = 0.54; 95%CI: 0.32-0.91) at age 11 compared to those breastfed for less than 1 month. However, no association was observed between breastfeeding duration and externalizing behaviors at ages 4 and 15. CONCLUSIONS: Although breastfeeding for at least 6 months was inversely associated with hyperactivity at 11 years of age no association was observed at 4 and 15 years of age. Further longitudinal studies should focus on other aspects influencing externalizing behaviors, such as presence of the father in the family, domestic violence and abuse, and the quality of mother-child relationship.

Breastfeeding and behavior disorders among children and adolescents: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review study aimed to assess the evidence available for the association between breastfeeding and behavior disorders in childhood and adolescence. METHODS: The search was carried out in the PubMed, Lilacs, and PsycINFO databases up to December 2016. Inclusion criteria were as follows: prospective, retrospective and cross-sectional studies assessing the association between breastfeeding and behavior disorders in childhood or adolescence, using psychometric tests, carried out in humans and published in Portuguese, English, or Spanish. The search was performed in several stages by two independent researchers using pre-established criteria. RESULTS: Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Breastfeeding for a period equal to or higher than three or four months seemed to be inversely associated with total behavior and conduct disorders in childhood; however, the association remains unclear for other behavior disorders. Only four studies assessed behavior disorders in adolescence, and when an association was found, it was likely to be positive. The duration of breastfeeding seemed to be more important than the exclusive or non-exclusive pattern of breastfeeding. CONCLUSIONS: Breastfed children for at least three to four months had fewer total behavior and conduct disorders in childhood. Further studies are needed to better understand this association, particularly in adolescence and involving other behavioral profiles.

Counseling by health professionals and healthy behaviors among the elderly: population-based study in Pelotas, South of Brazil, 2014. / Aconselhamento por profissionais de saúde e comportamentos saudáveis entre idosos: estudo de base populacional em Pelotas, sul do Brasil, 2014.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the association between counseling by health care professionals and healthy behaviors among the elderly. METHODS: population-based, cross-sectional study with elderly individuals (≥60 years) interviewed in 2014; Poisson regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) of associations between counseling by health professionals on the reduction of salt, sugar and fat and on the practice of physical activity during the year previous to the interview and healthy behaviors. RESULTS: 1,281 elderly individuals were interviewed; after adjustments, the elderly who mentioned receiving counseling by health professionals reported reduction in the intake of salt (PR 1.64; 95%CI 1.41;1.91), sugar and sweets (PR 1.21; 95%CI 1.08;1.36) and greater practice of physical activity (PR 1.21; 95%CI 1.06;1.39), when compared to the elderly who had not received any counseling. CONCLUSION: the counseling carried out by health professionals seems to favor the practice of healthy habits among elderly individuals.

Problemas de comportamento internalizantes e externalizantes e uso de substâncias na adolescência / Internalizing and externalizing behavior problems and substance use in adolescence / Problemas de comportamiento internalizantes y externalizantes y consumo de sustancias en la adolescencia

Este estudo investigou a relação entre problemas de comportamento externalizantes (PCE), internalizantes (PCI) e desses concomitantemente (PCEI) no início da adolescência (11 anos) e o consumo de substâncias (bebidas alcoólicas, tabaco e drogas ilícitas) aos 15 anos, utilizando dados da coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de 1993. Os problemas de comportamento foram avaliados pelo Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) aplicado às mães quando os filhos tinham 15 anos. O consumo de substâncias foi avaliado por meio de questionário sigiloso autoaplicado ao adolescente. A associação entre problemas de comportamento e uso de substâncias foi analisada por meio de regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto da variância. Após ajuste para fatores de confusão, os adolescentes com PCE tiveram maior risco para consumo abusivo de álcool (RR = 1,74; IC95%: 1,21; 2,50) e para experimentação (RR = 1,78; IC95%: 1,42; 2,23) e uso de tabaco nos últimos 30 dias (RR = 2,38; IC95%: 1,64; 3,45). Os adolescentes com PCI tiveram maior risco de experimentar tabaco (RR = 1,54; IC95%: 1,22; 1,93) e de utilizá-lo nos últimos 30 dias (RR = 1,92; IC95%: 1,31; 2,83). Os adolescentes com PCEI apresentaram maior risco para experimentação (RR = 2,24; IC95%: 1,57; 3,21) e consumo de tabaco nos últimos 30 dias (RR = 3,01; IC95%: 1,63; 5,56), e menor risco de experimentação de álcool aos 15 anos (RR = 0,72; IC95%: 0,55; 0,94). Ações de saúde pública que atuem na redução dos problemas de comportamento no início da adolescência poderão diminuir o consumo de tabaco e de bebidas alcoólicas aos 15 anos.

This study investigated the relationship between externalizing behavior problems (EBP), internalizing behavior problems (IBP), and combined externalizing/internalizing behavior problems (EIBP) in early adolescence (11 years) and substance use (alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs) at 15 years, using data from the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort. Behavior problems were assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), applied to mothers when their children were 15 years old. Substance use was assessed with a self-applied confidential questionnaire for the adolescent. The association between behavior problems and substance use was analyzed with Poisson regression with robust adjustment of variance. After adjusting for confounding, adolescents with EBP showed higher risk of alcohol abuse (RR = 1.74, 95%CI: 1.21; 2.50) and experimentation (RR = 1.78, 95%CI: 1.42; 2,23) and tobacco use in the previous 30 days (RR = 2.38, 95%CI: 1.64; 3.45). Adolescents with IBP showed greater risk of having tried tobacco (RR = 1.54, 95%CI: 1.22; 1.93) and of having used tobacco products in the previous 30 days (RR = 1.92, 95%CI: 1.31; 2.83). Adolescents with EIBP showed greater risk of trying (RR = 2.24, 95%CI: 1.57; 3.21) and consuming tobacco products in the previous days (RR = 3.01, 95%CI: 1.63; 5.56), and lower risk of having tried alcohol at 15 years of age (RR = 0.72, 95%CI: 0.55; 0.94). Public health measures aimed at reducing behavior problems in early adolescence can help reduce tobacco and alcohol consumption at 15 years.

Este estudio investigó la relación entre los problemas de comportamiento externalizantes (PCE), internalizantes (PCI), y los que se producían concomitantemente (PCEI), al comienzo de la adolescencia (11 años) y el consumo de sustancias como: bebidas alcohólicas, tabaco y drogas ilícitas a los 15 años, utilizando datos de la cohorte de nacimientos de Pelotas, Brasil, de 1993. Los problemas de comportamiento fueron evaluados por el Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), aplicado a las madres cuando los hijos tenían 15 años. El consumo de sustancias se evaluó mediante un cuestionario anónimo, realizado por el propio adolescente. La asociación entre problemas de comportamiento y el uso de sustancias se analizó mediante la regresión de Poisson, con un ajuste robusto de variancia. Tras el ajuste para los factores de confusión, los adolescentes con PCE tuvieron un riesgo mayor de consumo abusivo de alcohol (RR = 1,74; IC95%: 1,21; 2,50) y de probar estas sustancias (RR = 1,78; IC95%: 1,42; 2,23), además del consumo de tabaco en los últimos 30 días (RR = 2,38; IC95%: 1,64; 3,45). Los adolescentes con PCI tuvieron un mayor riesgo de probar el tabaco (RR = 1,54; IC95%: 1,22; 1,93) y de consumirlo durante los últimos 30 días (RR = 1,92; IC95%: 1,31; 2,83). Los adolescentes con PCEI presentaron un mayor riesgo de probar estas sustancias (RR = 2,24; IC95%: 1,57; 3,21) y consumir tabaco durante los últimos 30 días (RR = 3,01; IC95%: 1,63; 5,56), y menor riesgo de probar el alcohol a los 15 años (RR = 0,72; IC95%: 0,55; 0,94). Se requieren acciones de salud pública que actúen en la reducción de los problemas de comportamiento al principio de la adolescencia, puesto que podrían disminuir el consumo de tabaco y bebidas alcohólicas a los 15 años.

Aconselhamento por profissionais de saúde e comportamentos saudáveis entre idosos: estudo de base populacional em Pelotas, sul do Brasil, 2014 / Aconsejamiento por profesionales de salud y comportamientos saludables entre adultos mayores: un estudio de base poblacional en Pelotas, sur de Brasil, 2014 / Counseling by health professionals and healthy behaviors among the elderly: population-based study in Pelotas, South of Brazil, 2014

Objetivo: analisar a associação entre recebimento de orientações por profissionais de saúde e comportamentos saudáveis entre idosos. Métodos: estudo transversal de base populacional com idosos (≥60 anos) entrevistados em 2014; utilizou-se regressão de Poisson para estimar razões de prevalência (RP) brutas e ajustadas das associações entre recebimento de orientações sobre redução do sal, açúcar e gordura, e prática de atividade física, disponibilizadas por profissionais de saúde no ano anterior à entrevista, e apresentação de comportamentos saudáveis. Resultados: foram incluídos 1.281 idosos; após os ajustes, idosos que referiram receber orientações de profissionais de saúde relataram redução do consumo de sal (RP 1,64; IC95% 1,41;1,91) e de açúcar e doces (RP 1,21; IC95% 1,08;1,36) e maior prática de atividade física (RP 1,21; IC95% 1,06;1,39), em comparação aos idosos que não receberam orientação. Conclusão: as orientações realizadas por profissionais de saúde parecem favorecer a prática de hábitos saudáveis em idosos.

Objetivo: analizar la asociación entre el recibimiento de orientaciones de profesionales de salud y conductas saludables entre adultos mayores. Métodos: estudio transversal, de base poblacional con adultos mayores (≥60 años) en 2014; utilizamos regresión de Poisson para estimar razones de prevalencia (RP) crudas y ajustadas, sobre la asociaciones entre recibir orientaciones referentes a reducción de sal, azúcar y grasa y práctica de actividad física, administradas por profesionales de salud en el año anterior a la entrevista y comportamientos saludables. Resultados: se incluyeron 1.281 adultos mayores; después de los ajustes, los que repesortaron recibir orientaciones de profesionales de salud tuvieron reducción de ingesta de sal (RP 1,64; IC95% 1,41;1,91), azúcar (RP 1,21; IC95% 1,08;1,36) y mayor práctica de actividad física (RP 1,21; IC95% 1,06;1,39) en comparación con los que no recibieron. Conclusión: las orientaciones realizadas por profesionales de salud parecen favorecer la práctica de hábitos saludables en adultos mayores.

Objective: to analyze the association between counseling by health care professionals and healthy behaviors among the elderly. Methods: population-based, cross-sectional study with elderly individuals (≥60 years) interviewed in 2014; Poisson regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) of associations between counseling by health professionals on the reduction of salt, sugar and fat and on the practice of physical activity during the year previous to the interview and healthy behaviors. Results: 1,281 elderly individuals were interviewed; after adjustments, the elderly who mentioned receiving counseling by health professionals reported reduction in the intake of salt (PR 1.64; 95%CI 1.41;1.91), sugar and sweets (PR 1.21; 95%CI 1.08;1.36) and greater practice of physical activity (PR 1.21; 95%CI 1.06;1.39), when compared to the elderly who had not received any counseling. Conclusion: the counseling carried out by health professionals seems to favor the practice of healthy habits among elderly individuals.

Breastfeeding and behavior disorders among children and adolescents: a systematic review

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This systematic review study aimed to assess the evidence available for the association between breastfeeding and behavior disorders in childhood and adolescence. METHODS The search was carried out in the PubMed, Lilacs, and PsycINFO databases up to December 2016. Inclusion criteria were as follows: prospective, retrospective and cross-sectional studies assessing the association between breastfeeding and behavior disorders in childhood or adolescence, using psychometric tests, carried out in humans and published in Portuguese, English, or Spanish. The search was performed in several stages by two independent researchers using pre-established criteria. RESULTS Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Breastfeeding for a period equal to or higher than three or four months seemed to be inversely associated with total behavior and conduct disorders in childhood; however, the association remains unclear for other behavior disorders. Only four studies assessed behavior disorders in adolescence, and when an association was found, it was likely to be positive. The duration of breastfeeding seemed to be more important than the exclusive or non-exclusive pattern of breastfeeding. CONCLUSIONS Breastfed children for at least three to four months had fewer total behavior and conduct disorders in childhood. Further studies are needed to better understand this association, particularly in adolescence and involving other behavioral profiles.

Amamentação e comportamentos externalizantes na infância e adolescência em uma coorte de nascimentos

Objetivo. Avaliar a associação entre tempo de amamentação e comportamentos externalizantes na infância e na adolescência. Métodos. Foram utilizados dados da Coorte de Nascimentos de Pelotas de 1993. As informações sobre amamentação foram coletadas aos 12 meses. O comportamento foi avaliado aos 4 anos pelo instrumento Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) e aos 11 e 15 anos pelo Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), ambos aplicados às mães ou aos responsáveis pela criança. Dos 5 249 participantes da coorte, foram avaliados aqueles com informações completas para amamentação e comportamentos externalizantes: 630 crianças aos 4 anos, 1 227 adolescentes aos 11 anos e 1 199 aos 15 anos. A associação entre duração da amamentação e comportamentos externalizantes foi avaliada por meio de regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto da variância. Resultados. Aos 11 anos, após ajuste para fatores de confusão, as crianças que foram amamentadas por pelo menos 6 meses tiveram menor risco de hiperatividade (RR = 0,54; IC95%: 0,32 a 0,91) em comparação às amamentadas por menos de 1 mês. No entanto, aos 4 e 15 anos, a duração da amamentação não esteve associada aos comportamentos externalizantes. Conclusões. Embora o aleitamento materno por pelo menos 6 meses tenha sido inversamente associado à hiperatividade aos 11 anos, nenhuma associação foi observada aos 4 e aos 15 anos. Novos estudos longitudinais devem considerar outros fatores que influenciam os comportamentos externalizantes, tais como presença do pai no ambiente familiar, violência doméstica e maus-tratos e qualidade da relação mãe-filho.

Objective. To assess the association between breastfeeding duration and externalizing behaviors in childhood and adolescence. Methods. Data from the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort was used. Information on breastfeeding was assessed at 12 months of age. Behavior was assessed at 4 years of age using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and at ages 11 and 15 years using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), both administered to the mother or caretaker. Of 5 249 cohort participants, those with complete data on breastfeeding and externalizing behaviors were included: 630 children at 4 years of age, 1 277 adolescents at 11 years, and 1 199 at 15 years. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to assess the association between breastfeeding duration and externalizing behaviors. Results. After adjustment for confounders, children who were breastfed for least 6 months had lower risk of hyperactivity (RR = 0.54; 95%CI: 0.32-0.91) at age 11 compared to those breastfed for less than 1 month. However, no association was observed between breastfeeding duration and externalizing behaviors at ages 4 and 15. Conclusions. Although breastfeeding for at least 6 months was inversely associated with hyperactivity at 11 years of age no association was observed at 4 and 15 years of age. Further longitudinal studies should focus on other aspects influencing externalizing behaviors, such as presence of the father in the family, domestic violence and abuse, and the quality of mother-child relationship.

Objetivo. Evaluar la relación existente entre la duración del amamantamiento y los patrones de comportamiento externalizante en la infancia y la adolescencia. Métodos. Se utilizaron datos de la cohorte de nacimientos de Pelotas de 1993. La información sobre el amamantamiento se recolectó a los 12 meses. El comportamiento se evaluó a los 4 años con la lista de comprobación del comportamiento del niño (Child Behavior Checklist, CBCL) y a los 11 y 15 años con el cuestionario de fortalezas y dificultades (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, SDQ), ambos aplicados a las madres o a los responsables del niño. De los 5 249 participantes de la cohorte, se evaluaron los grupos respecto de los cuales había información completa sobre el amamantamiento y los patrones de comportamiento externalizante: 630 niños a los 4 años, 1 227 adolescentes a los 11 años y 1 199 a los 15 años. La relación entre el período de amamantamiento y los patrones de comportamiento externalizante se evaluó por medio de la regresión de Poisson con un ajuste robusto de la varianza. Resultados. A los 11 años, tras el ajuste realizado para tener en cuenta los factores de confusión, los niños amamantadas por un mínimo de 6 meses tuvieron un menor riesgo de hiperactividad (RR = 0,54; IC 95%: de 0,32 a 0,91) en comparación con los amamantados por menos de un mes. Sin embargo, a los 4 y 15 años, la duración del amamantamiento no guardó relación alguna con los patrones de comportamiento externalizante. Conclusiones. Aunque la lactancia materna por un mínimo de 6 meses haya guardado una relación inversamente proporcional con la hiperactividad a los 11 años, no se observó ninguna relación a los 4 y a los 15 años. En nuevos estudios longitudinales es preciso considerar otros factores que influyen en los patrones de comportamiento externalizante, como la presencia del padre en el ámbito familiar, la violencia doméstica, el maltrato y la calidad de la relación entre la madre y el niño.

Parental Separation and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Late Adolescence: A Cross-Cohort Comparison.

The aim of this study was to explore the association between parental separation during childhood (up to 18 years of age) and cardiometabolic risk factors (body mass index, fat mass index, blood pressure, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption) in late adolescence using a cross-cohort comparison and to explore whether associations differ according to the age at which the parental separation occurred and the presence or absence of parental conflict prior to separation. Data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC, United Kingdom) (1991-2011) and the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort (Brazil) (1993-2011) were used. The associations of parental separation with children's cardiometabolic risk factors were largely null. Higher odds of daily smoking were observed in both cohorts for those adolescents whose parents separated (for ALSPAC, odds ratio = 1.46; for Pelotas Birth Cohort, odds ratio = 1.98). Some additional associations were observed in the Pelotas Birth Cohort but were generally in the opposite direction to our a priori hypothesis: Parental separation was associated with lower blood pressure and fat mass index, and with more physical activity. No consistent differences were observed when analyses were stratified by child's age at parental separation or parental conflict.

Amamentação e comportamentos externalizantes na infância e adolescência em uma coorte de nascimentos / Breastfeeding and externalizing behaviors in childhood and adolescence in a birth cohort / El amamantamiento y los patrones de comportamiento externalizante en la infancia y la adolescencia en una cohorte de nacimientos

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a associação entre tempo de amamentação e comportamentos externalizantes na infância e na adolescência. Métodos Foram utilizados dados da Coorte de Nascimentos de Pelotas de 1993. As informações sobre amamentação foram coletadas aos 12 meses. O comportamento foi avaliado aos 4 anos pelo instrumento Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) e aos 11 e 15 anos pelo Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), ambos aplicados às mães ou aos responsáveis pela criança. Dos 5 249 participantes da coorte, foram avaliados aqueles com informações completas para amamentação e comportamentos externalizantes: 630 crianças aos 4 anos, 1 227 adolescentes aos 11 anos e 1 199 aos 15 anos. A associação entre duração da amamentação e comportamentos externalizantes foi avaliada por meio de regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto da variância. Resultados Aos 11 anos, após ajuste para fatores de confusão, as crianças que foram amamentadas por pelo menos 6 meses tiveram menor risco de hiperatividade (RR = 0,54; IC95%: 0,32 a 0,91) em comparação às amamentadas por menos de 1 mês. No entanto, aos 4 e 15 anos, a duração da amamentação não esteve associada aos comportamentos externalizantes. Conclusões Embora o aleitamento materno por pelo menos 6 meses tenha sido inversamente associado à hiperatividade aos 11 anos, nenhuma associação foi observada aos 4 e aos 15 anos. Novos estudos longitudinais devem considerar outros fatores que influenciam os comportamentos externalizantes, tais como presença do pai no ambiente familiar, violência doméstica e maus-tratos e qualidade da relação mãe-filho.

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the association between breastfeeding duration and externalizing behaviors in childhood and adolescence. Methods Data from the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort was used. Information on breastfeeding was assessed at 12 months of age. Behavior was assessed at 4 years of age using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and at ages 11 and 15 years using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), both administered to the mother or caretaker. Of 5 249 cohort participants, those with complete data on breastfeeding and externalizing behaviors were included: 630 children at 4 years of age, 1 277 adolescents at 11 years, and 1 199 at 15 years. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to assess the association between breastfeeding duration and externalizing behaviors. Results After adjustment for confounders, children who were breastfed for least 6 months had lower risk of hyperactivity (RR = 0.54; 95%CI: 0.32-0.91) at age 11 compared to those breastfed for less than 1 month. However, no association was observed between breastfeeding duration and externalizing behaviors at ages 4 and 15. Conclusions Although breastfeeding for at least 6 months was inversely associated with hyperactivity at 11 years of age no association was observed at 4 and 15 years of age. Further longitudinal studies should focus on other aspects influencing externalizing behaviors, such as presence of the father in the family, domestic violence and abuse, and the quality of mother-child relationship.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar la relación existente entre la duración del amamantamiento y los patrones de comportamiento externalizante en la infancia y la adolescencia. Métodos Se utilizaron datos de la cohorte de nacimientos de Pelotas de 1993. La información sobre el amamantamiento se recolectó a los 12 meses. El comportamiento se evaluó a los 4 años con la lista de comprobación del comportamiento del niño (Child Behavior Checklist, CBCL) y a los 11 y 15 años con el cuestionario de fortalezas y dificultades (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, SDQ), ambos aplicados a las madres o a los responsables del niño. De los 5 249 participantes de la cohorte, se evaluaron los grupos respecto de los cuales había información completa sobre el amamantamiento y los patrones de comportamiento externalizante: 630 niños a los 4 años, 1 227 adolescentes a los 11 años y 1 199 a los 15 años. La relación entre el período de amamantamiento y los patrones de comportamiento externalizante se evaluó por medio de la regresión de Poisson con un ajuste robusto de la varianza. Resultados A los 11 años, tras el ajuste realizado para tener en cuenta los factores de confusión, los niños amamantadas por un mínimo de 6 meses tuvieron un menor riesgo de hiperactividad (RR = 0,54; IC 95%: de 0,32 a 0,91) en comparación con los amamantados por menos de un mes. Sin embargo, a los 4 y 15 años, la duración del amamantamiento no guardó relación alguna con los patrones de comportamiento externalizante. Conclusiones Aunque la lactancia materna por un mínimo de 6 meses haya guardado una relación inversamente proporcional con la hiperactividad a los 11 años, no se observó ninguna relación a los 4 y a los 15 años. En nuevos estudios longitudinales es preciso considerar otros factores que influyen en los patrones de comportamiento externalizante, como la presencia del padre en el ámbito familiar, la violencia doméstica, el maltrato y la calidad de la relación entre la madre y el niño.

Low diet quality in older adults: a population-based study in southern Brazil. / Baixa qualidade da dieta de idosos: estudo de base populacional no sul do Brasil.

The aim of this study was to identify the factors associated with low diet quality in older adults from the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Information on food consumption was collected using a reduced food frequency questionnaire, and diet quality was assessed by the Elderly Diet Quality Index DQI-E ("Índice de Qualidade da Dieta de Idosos - IQD-I"), devised by the authors. Points were attributed to each food evaluated according to frequency of consumption. Higher consumption frequency of healthy foods received higher scores whilst unhealthy foods received lower scores. Scores were divided into tertiles classified as: low quality, intermediate quality, and good quality. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the association between diet quality and the independent variables. The factors associated with low diet quality were: male gender, age < 80 years, low education, problems affording food, underweight, mouth or teeth problems, and having less than four meals a day. Important barriers to the consumption of a good quality diet were observed, highlighting the importance of considering these aspects in the promotion of healthy eating among older adults.

Adverse childhood experiences and consumption of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs among adolescents of a Brazilian birth cohort.

The objective of this study was to investigate the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and the use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs among adolescents from a Brazilian cohort. The occurrence of five ACEs, the use of alcohol and tobacco and trying illicit drugs were investigated in the 1993 Pelotas birth cohort at the age of 15 (n = 4,230). A score was created for the ACEs and their association with the use of substances was evaluated. Around 25% of adolescents consumed alcohol, 6% smoked and 2.1% reported having used drugs at least once in their lives. The ACEs were associated with the use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs. A dose-response relation between the number of ACEs and the substance use was found, particularly with regard to illicit drugs. The occurrence of ACEs was positively associated with the use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs among adolescents and the risk may be different for men and women. These results point to the fact that strategies for preventing the use of substances should include interventions both among adolescents and within the family environment.

Baixa qualidade da dieta de idosos: estudo de base populacional no sul do Brasil / Low diet quality in older adults: a population-based study in southern Brazil

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os fatores associados à baixa qualidade da dieta de idosos da cidade de Pelotas, RS. As informações de consumo alimentar foram coletadas através de um questionário de frequência alimentar resumido e a qualidade da dieta foi avaliada através do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta de Idosos (IQD-I), desenvolvido pelos autores. Foram atribuídos pontos a cada alimento avaliado, conforme sua frequência de consumo. As maiores frequências de consumo receberam maior pontuação quando alimentos saudáveis e menor quando não saudáveis. A pontuação total foi dividida em tercis, classificados em: baixa, intermediária e boa qualidade. A associação entre a qualidade da dieta e as variáveis independentes foi investigada através de regressão logística multinomial. Os fatores associados à dieta de baixa qualidade foram: sexo masculino, idade inferior a 80 anos, baixa escolaridade, dificuldade financeira para compra de alimentos, baixo peso, problemas na boca ou nos dentes e realizar menos de quatro refeições por dia. Importantes barreiras para o consumo de uma dieta de boa qualidade foram identificadas neste estudo, ficando evidente a importância de se considerar esses aspectos na promoção da alimentação saudável em idosos.

Abstract The aim of this study was to identify the factors associated with low diet quality in older adults from the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Information on food consumption was collected using a reduced food frequency questionnaire, and diet quality was assessed by the Elderly Diet Quality Index DQI-E (“Índice de Qualidade da Dieta de Idosos - IQD-I”), devised by the authors. Points were attributed to each food evaluated according to frequency of consumption. Higher consumption frequency of healthy foods received higher scores whilst unhealthy foods received lower scores. Scores were divided into tertiles classified as: low quality, intermediate quality, and good quality. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the association between diet quality and the independent variables. The factors associated with low diet quality were: male gender, age < 80 years, low education, problems affording food, underweight, mouth or teeth problems, and having less than four meals a day. Important barriers to the consumption of a good quality diet were observed, highlighting the importance of considering these aspects in the promotion of healthy eating among older adults.

Adverse childhood experiences and consumption of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs among adolescents of a Brazilian birth cohort / Experiências adversas na infância e consumo de álcool, fumo e drogas ilícitas entre adolescentes de uma coorte brasileira / Experiencias adversas en la infancia y consumo de alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilícitas entre adolescentes de una cohorte brasileña

Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and the use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs among adolescents from a Brazilian cohort. The occurrence of five ACEs, the use of alcohol and tobacco and trying illicit drugs were investigated in the 1993 Pelotas birth cohort at the age of 15 (n = 4,230). A score was created for the ACEs and their association with the use of substances was evaluated. Around 25% of adolescents consumed alcohol, 6% smoked and 2.1% reported having used drugs at least once in their lives. The ACEs were associated with the use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs. A dose-response relation between the number of ACEs and the substance use was found, particularly with regard to illicit drugs. The occurrence of ACEs was positively associated with the use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs among adolescents and the risk may be different for men and women. These results point to the fact that strategies for preventing the use of substances should include interventions both among adolescents and within the family environment.

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre experiências adversas na infância (ACEs) e uso de álcool, fumo e drogas ilícitas em adolescentes de uma coorte brasileira. A ocorrência de cinco ACEs, o uso de álcool e fumo e a experimentação de drogas ilícitas foram investigados na Coorte de Nascimentos de 1993 de Pelotas, aos 15 anos (n = 4.230). Um escore de ACEs foi criado e sua associação com o uso de substâncias foi avaliada. Cerca de 25% dos adolescentes consumiram álcool, 6% fumaram e 2,1% relataram ter usado drogas pelo menos uma vez na vida. Os ACEs estiveram associados com o uso de álcool, fumo e drogas ilícitas. Uma relação dose-resposta entre o número de ACEs e o consumo de substâncias foi evidenciada, especialmente para drogas ilícitas. A ocorrência de ACEs esteve positivamente associada com o uso de álcool, tabaco e drogas ilícitas em adolescentes, e o risco pode diferir conforme o sexo. Esses resultados salientam que as estratégias para a prevenção do uso de substâncias devem conter intervenções para adolescentes, bem como no ambiente familiar.

Resumen: El objetivo fue investigar la asociación entre experiencias adversas en la infancia (ACEs) y consumo de alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilícitas en adolescentes de una cohorte brasileña. La ocurrencia de cinco ACEs, el consumo de alcohol y tabaco y el primer consumo de drogas ilícitas se investigaron en la Cohorte de Nacimientos de 1993 de Pelotas, a los 15 años (n = 4.230). Se creó un marcador de ACEs y se evaluó su asociación con el uso de estas sustancias. Cerca de un 25% de los adolescentes consumieron alcohol, un 6% fumaron y un 2,1% informaron haber consumido drogas por lo menos una vez en la vida. Los ACEs estuvieron asociados con el consumo de alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilícitas. Se evidenció una relación dosis-respuesta entre el número de ACEs y el consumo de sustancias, especialmente, en el caso de drogas ilícitas. La ocurrencia de ACEs estuvo positivamente asociada con el uso de alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilícitas en adolescentes y el riesgo puede diferir según sexo. Esos resultados resaltan que las estrategias para la prevención del consumo de estas sustancias deben contar con intervenciones para adolescentes, así como en su ambiente familiar.

Cobertura da vacina meningocócica C nos estados e regiões do Brasil em 2012 / Coverage of the meningococcal C vaccine in the states and regions of Brazil in 2012 / Cobertura de la vacuna contra el meningococo C en los estados y regiones de Brasil en 2012

Objetivos: Descrever a cobertura da vacina meningocócica C em crianças menores de um ano de idade, em 2012, nos estados e regiões do Brasil, e correlacionar com variáveis socioeconômicas e cobertura da Estratégia de Saúde da Família. Métodos: Estudo ecológico. A cobertura vacinal foi calculada utilizando o número de doses da vacina em 2012, disponível no Sistema de Informação do Programa Nacional de Imunizações, como numerador, e população residente menor de um ano, também em 2012, como denominador. Ainda, foi realizada uma correlação de Pearson (r) entre a cobertura vacinal e as variáveis socioeconômicas. Resultados: As regiões Norte e Nordeste não atingiram a recomendação de 95% para cobertura. A cobertura vacinal apresentou correlação positiva moderada com renda média per capita (r=0,6) e negativa e moderada com o coeficiente de Gini (r=-0,5). Conclusão: São necessárias ações educativas e políticas para aumentar a cobertura vacinal com objetivo de reduzir a incidência da doença meningocócica, além de estudos com delineamentos mais robustos.

Objectives: To determine the coverage of the meningococcal C vaccine in children younger than one year of age in the states and regions of Brazil in 2012, and to correlate these findings with socioeconomic variables and the coverage of the Family Health Strategy. Methods: This was an ecological study. The vaccination coverage was calculated by dividing the number of vaccine doses administered in 2012 (numerator), which was determined from the data available in the Information System of the National Immunization Program, by the resident population less than one year also in 2012 (denominator). The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was calculated for the vaccination coverage and socioeconomic variables. Results: The North and Northeast regions did not reach the recommended vaccination coverage (95%). The vaccination coverage showed a positive and moderate correlation with family income (r=0.6) and a negative and moderate correlation with the Gini coefficient (r=-0.5). Conclusion: Educational programs and policies are required to increase vaccination coverage and reduce the incidence of meningococcal disease. In addition, studies with more robust designs are necessary

Objetivos: Describir la cobertura de la vacuna contra el meningococo C en niños menores de un año de edad, en 2012, en los estados y regiones de Brasil, y correlacionar con variables socioeconómicas y cobertura de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia. Métodos: Estudio Ecológico. La cobertura de vacunación se calculó utilizando el número de dosis de la vacuna en 2012, disponible en el Sistema de Información del Programa Nacional de Inmunización, como numerador, y la población residente menor a un año, también en 2012, como denominador. Se realizó la correlación de Pearson (r) entre cobertura de la vacuna y las variables socioeconómicas. Resultados: En las regiones Norte y Noreste no alcanzaron la cobertura recomendada del 95%. La cobertura de vacunación mostró correlación positiva moderada con el ingreso promedio per cápita (r=0,6), y negativa moderada con el coeficiente de Gini (r=-0,5). Conclusión: Son necesarias acciones educativas e políticas para aumentar la cobertura de vacunación, con el fin de reducir la incidencia de la enfermedad meningocócica, así como los estudios con diseños más robustos.